{"id":78,"date":"2020-07-17T20:19:59","date_gmt":"2020-07-17T20:19:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/?page_id=78"},"modified":"2020-07-17T20:20:00","modified_gmt":"2020-07-17T20:20:00","slug":"paratoner-kontrolu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/paratoner-kontrolu\/","title":{"rendered":"Paratoner Kontrol\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Do\u011fadaki hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bo\u015falmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilecek derecede de\u011fi\u015ftirme yetene\u011fine sahip ayg\u0131tlar ve  y\u00f6ntemler yoktur. Yap\u0131lara, yap\u0131lar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na veya yap\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131na isabet eden y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar, insanlar, yap\u0131lar, yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7indekiler ve  hizmet tesisatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlikelidir. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, heyecan verici ve ilgin\u00e7  olaylardan biridir. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde de\u011fi\u015fik  co\u011frafi konumlarda, farkl\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131klarda ve  genliklerde dakikada ortalama 1800 adet y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yerk\u00fcrenin  kutuplar\u0131nda y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m olu\u015fmazken, ekvator  b\u00f6lgesinde y\u0131l\u0131n bir\u00e7ok g\u00fcn\u00fc y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r .<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131ma kars\u0131 koruma sistemlerinin  performanslar\u0131, teorik ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla ortaya konmaya  \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda ticari kayg\u0131lar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bo\u015falmalar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck elektrot  a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131nda kanal teorisi ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bo\u015falmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilen iletken kanalc\u0131klar\u0131n ve y\u00fczeysel bo\u015falmalar\u0131n  ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in yerel elektrik alan \u015fiddetinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 kV\/cm de\u011ferini a\u015fmas\u0131 yeterli  olabilmektedir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir bulutta, y\u00fck birikmesi sonucu, elektrik alan \u015fiddeti yeteri kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bulutlar aras\u0131nda, bulut i\u00e7inde veya bulut ile yery\u00fcz\u00fc aras\u0131nda (y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m) bo\u015falmalar olu\u015fabilir. Kuleler ve benzeri, \u00e7evresine g\u00f6re y\u00fcksek yap\u0131larda, elektrik alan \u015fiddeti belirli bir de\u011fere eri\u015fti\u011finde, yukar\u0131ya  do\u011fru geli\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar olu\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n kutbiyeti, dalga \u015fekli ve ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tepe de\u011feri, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n karakteristik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleridir. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bo\u015falmalar\u0131n\u0131n kutbiyeti negatif veya pozitif olabilir. Olu\u015fan y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n %70 -%90\u2019\u0131 negatif kutbiyetlidir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131, binalar\u0131, tesisleri ve donan\u0131mlar\u0131  y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n etkilerine kars\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bo\u015falmalar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc ve y\u00f6nlendirilmesi, elektrik m\u00fchendislerinin y\u0131llard\u0131r devam eden bir u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 alan\u0131 olup; konuyla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bo\u015falmas\u0131n\u0131n kesin olarak tan\u0131mlanamayan baz\u0131 belirsiz yanlar\u0131 nedeniyle hala devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korumada ama\u00e7, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n do\u011frudan ve\/veya dolayl\u0131 etkilerini ortadan kald\u0131rmak veya en aza indirmektir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan koruman\u0131n amac\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 can g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flama ve  yang\u0131n \u00f6nleme ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yken; geli\u015fen  teknoloji ve ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131, koruma olgusu ve kapsam\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha ileri noktalara getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 mutlak koruma sa\u011flaman\u0131n genellikle \u00e7ok zor oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan koruma sistemine ya da yap\u0131n\u0131n bir noktas\u0131na y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, sistemin topraklama direnci ve  ak\u0131m\u0131n de\u011ferine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, topra\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f b\u00f6lgesinde  ve yap\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131nda, tepe de\u011feri y\u00fcz kilovoltlar mertebesinde gerilimlere ula\u015fabilen potansiyel \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131 olu\u015fabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 STANDARTLAR ve Y\u00d6NETMEL\u0130KLER\u0130M\u0130Z<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan koruma ile ilgili bir y\u00f6netmelik bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Yo\u011fun ve kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla haz\u0131rlanan, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma y\u00f6netmelik tasla\u011f\u0131, ilgili bakanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan, Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131nlat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, taslak d\u00fczeyinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer taraftan, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan koruma sistemleri ile ilgili olarak, g\u00fcncel standartlar yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu halde, bunlar\u0131n uygulanma zorunlulu\u011funun olmamas\u0131 ve konu ile ilgili y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7ok farkl\u0131  uygulamalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin TSE, konu ile ilgili eski standard\u0131 ve eklerini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131p, IEC (Uluslararas\u0131 Elektroteknik Komisyonu) standart dizisini yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, ilgili bakanl\u0131k, eski standard\u0131  hala uygulanmas\u0131 zorunlu standart olarak kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bakanl\u0131k\u00e7a uygulamada zorunlu tutulan bu  standart, radyoaktif yakalama u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve tesis bi\u00e7imlerine ili\u015fkin tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 (Madde 2.1.5.2.7) da i\u00e7ermektedir. Di\u011fer taraftan, TS 622\/1990- T1\/Mart 2005 tadil standard\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu\u2019nun 04.01.2000 tarih ve 104 say\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131na dayanarak, Am-241 esasl\u0131 radyoaktif yakalama u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n pratikte net bir fayda sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerdeki radyoaktivite miktar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek de\u011ferlere ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7eleri ile ithalat\u0131na 31.03.2000 tarihinden itibaren izin verilmedi\u011fi; ancak, tesis edilmi\u015f olan bu tip radyoaktif yakalama u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6m\u00fcrlerini tamamlayana kadar kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini ve yine T\u00fcrkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu\u2019nun 2001\/001 Genelgesi\u2019ne dayanarak, Ra-226 esasl\u0131 radyoaktif yakalama u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131  yasaklam\u0131\u015f ve mevcut tesis edilen bu t\u00fcr yakalama u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fclmesini h\u00fckme ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, bilindi\u011fi ve TSE\u2019nin web adresinde de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere T\u00fcrk Standardlar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk Standardlar\u0131, ihtiyari niteliktedir. \u0130lgili Bakanl\u0131k, bir standard\u0131n, can ve mal   g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u00e7evre korunmas\u0131 v.b. konular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu ve taraflar\u0131n bu standarda uymas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi karar\u0131na var\u0131rsa, s\u00f6z konusu standard\u0131 bir tebli\u011f ile Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131nlatarak zorunlu uygulamaya koyabilmektedir. Bu standartlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda kontrol ve denetim ilgili Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yetki ve sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde zorunlu uygulamaya konulmu\u015f bir standart revize edildi\u011finde veya yerine bir ba\u015fka standart haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk Standartlar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, bunu ilgili Bakanl\u0131\u011fa bildirmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu, standart\/standartlar\u0131n zorunlu uygulamaya konulmas\u0131 ve eskilerinin zorunlulu\u011funun iptali de tamamen Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yetki ve sorumlulu\u011funda olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim, TSE\u2019nin https:\/\/www.tse.org.tr\/ web adresinde, TS 622\/Aral\u0131k 1990, TS  622\/1990 \u2013 T1\/Mart 2005 ve TS IEC 61024-1-1\/2002 standartlar\u0131n\u0131n TSE taraf\u0131nda iptal edilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu, ancak TS 622\/Aral\u0131k 1990 standard\u0131n\u0131n, ilgili Bakanl\u0131k\u00e7a zorunlu uygulamada tutuldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir (eri\u015fim tarihi: 29.09.2011). TSE taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlan\u0131p y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren seri standard\u0131n birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, yap\u0131lar\u0131n,  bunlar\u0131n tesisatlar\u0131n\u0131n, i\u00e7indekilerin ve insanlar\u0131n, yap\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunmas\u0131nda  izlenmesi gereken genel ilkeleri ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, topra\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7arpmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yap\u0131larda veya hizmet tesisatlar\u0131nda meydana gelen risklerin de\u011ferlendirilmesi, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bir yap\u0131n\u0131n, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan korunma sistemiyle fiziksel hasara kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131  ve koruma sisteminin yak\u0131n\u0131nda olu\u015fan dokunma ve ad\u0131m gerilimlerinden dolay\u0131  canl\u0131lara verece\u011fi zarar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ile ilgili kurallar\u0131 , d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de  bir yap\u0131da bulunan elektrik ve elektronik sistemler i\u00e7in y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m elektromanyetik darbesinin sebep oldu\u011fu kal\u0131c\u0131 ar\u0131zalara kar\u015f\u0131 riski azaltma olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayan korunma \u00f6nlemleri sisteminin tasar\u0131m, tesis, muayene bak\u0131m ve deneyi ile ilgili bilgileri kapsamaktad\u0131r. Serinin, TSE taraf\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz yay\u0131nlanmayan, be\u015finci  b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de bir yap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131n\u0131n (temel olarak elektrik ve telekom\u00fcnikasyon hatlar\u0131n\u0131n) hasarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve ar\u0131zalar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik olarak al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemleri tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu standart serisi, \u00f6zet olarak, Franklin \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 ve Faraday kafesinden olu\u015fan klasik koruma sistemini tan\u0131mlamakta,e\u015fpotansiyel ku\u015fak olu\u015fturman\u0131n ve ak\u0131m\/gerilim darbelerine kar\u015f\u0131 koruma d\u00fczenleri kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fine vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan Korunma Rapor \u00d6rne\u011fi: paratoner raporu<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan Korunma Teknik Bilgiler i\u00e7in T\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/td>ELEKTR\u0130K TES\u0130SLER\u0130 GENEL TEKN\u0130K \u015eARTNAMES\u0130 VE UYGULAMA ESASLAR<\/a>I <\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>YAPI DENET\u00c7\u0130S\u0130 ELEKTR\u0130K M\u00dcHEND\u0130SLER\u0130 \u0130\u00c7\u0130N E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M NOTLARI<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>AKT\u0130F PARATONER YILDIRIMDAN KORUNMA STANDARDINDA YOK<\/a> <\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>ESE T\u0130P\u0130 PARATONERLER<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>R\u00dcZGAR T\u00dcRB\u0130NLER\u0130NDE TOPRAKLAMA VE YILDIRIMDAN KORUNMA S\u0130STEMLER\u0130<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>YILDIRIMDAN KORUMA S\u0130STEMLER\u0130, STANDARTLAR, Y\u00d6NETMEL\u0130KLER VE UYGULAMALAR<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>YILDIRIMDAN KORUMADA R\u0130SK ANAL\u0130Z\u0130<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>YILDIRIMDAN KORUNMA-TANER \u0130R\u0130Z<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>YILDIRIMDAN KORUNMA-\u00d6ZCAN KALENDERL\u0130<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Y\u00dcKSEK YAPILARDA A\u015eIRI GER\u0130L\u0130MLER VE YILDIRIMDAN KORUNMA<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
 <\/td> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Do\u011fadaki hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bo\u015falmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilecek derecede de\u011fi\u015ftirme yetene\u011fine sahip ayg\u0131tlar ve  y\u00f6ntemler yoktur. Yap\u0131lara, yap\u0131lar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na veya yap\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet tesisatlar\u0131na isabet eden y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":79,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-78","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/78"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=78"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/78\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":80,"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/78\/revisions\/80"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.misirliogullari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}